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The ISA Host Controller 15b
The ISA Base Board 14a
The PCI Host Controller 14a
The PCI Base Board 14a
References, sources, weblinks:
| [1] |
Lochinger, Alexander: A bus called "Bob". PC/104 and Small Form Factors, November 6, 2013
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http://smallformfactors.mil-embedded.com/articles/ |
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| [2] |
Dear, Rory: Is PC/104 still relevant? Embedded Computing Design, May 12, 2014
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http://embedded-computing.com/articles |
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|
| [3] |
Dear, Rory: PC/104 architecture maintains relevance in a competitive field. Embedded Computing Design, December 1, 2016
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http://embedded-computing.com/articles |
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|
| [4] |
Haris, Paul: Standard and custom peripheral cards: A hallmark of the PC/104 architecture. PC/104 and Small Form Factors, October 15, 2014
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http://smallformfactors.mil-embedded.com/articles/ |
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|
| [5] |
Titus, Jon; O'Hanlan, Tom: The Digital I/O Handbook. A Practical Guide to Industrial Input & Output Applications. Sealevel Systems, Inc., 2004
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|
| [6] |
Boyle, Greg: High-precision data aquisition boards – Why you should buy, not design. PC/104 Embedded Solutions, Winter 2002
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| [7] |
PC/104 Specifications: PC/104 Embedded Consortium
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http://www.pc104.org
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Particular PCI specifications |
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|
| [8] |
ADL Embedded Solutions, Inc.: 2017 Embedded Product Guide
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http://www.adl-usa.com |
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| [9] |
Matthes, Wolfgang: Microcontroller Modules for the Ambitious. Circuit Cellar, July 2016, No. 312, pages 34 to 42
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http://www.controllersandpcs.de/projects.htm |
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| [10] |
Solari, Edward: ISA and EISA Theory and Operation. Annabooks, 1993
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https://archive.org/details/ISA_and_EISA_Theory_and_Operation |
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http://www.ebookcore.com/ebook/isa-and-eisa-theory-and-operation-29642-pdf.html |
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|
| [11] |
IBM Personal System/2 Model 25 Technical Reference. IBM, 1987
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http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/pc/ps2/PS2_Model_25_Technical_Reference_Jun87.pdf |
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| [12] |
ISA Bus Specification and Application Notes. Intel Corporation, 1989
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| |
http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/intel/_busSpec/Intel_ISA_Spec2.01_Sep89.pdf |
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| [13] |
Anderson, Don; Shanley, Tom: ISA System Architecture. MindShare Inc., 1995
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| [14] |
Nesley, Ed: The Embedded PCs ISA Bus. Annabooks, 1997
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| [15] |
PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.2. PCI Special Interest Group (PCISIG), 1998
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http://www.pcisig.com |
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| [16] |
Solari, Edward; Willse, George: PCI Hardware and Software. 4th Edition, Annabooks, 1998.
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Particular PCI specifications: |
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PC/104:
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http://www.pc104.org/hardware-specifications/pc104
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PC/104-Plus:
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http://www.pc104.org/hardware-specifications/pc104-plus
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PCI-104:
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http://www.pc104.org/hardware-specifications/26-2 |
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PCI/104-Express:
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http://www.pc104.org/hardware-specifications/pci104-express
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PCIe/104:
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http://www.pc104.org/hardware-specifications/pcie104 |
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ISA Bus Timing Diagrams:
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http://www.ee.nmt.edu/~rison/ee352_spr12/PC104timing.pdf |
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ISA Bus Technical Summary:
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http://hamblen.ece.gatech.edu/489X/ISA.htm |
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Specifications related to personal computer form factors:
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http://www.formfactors.org |
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Standards related to embedded computing:
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PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG):
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http://www.picmg.org |
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Consortium for SFF (Small Form Factor SIG):
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http://embedded-computing.com
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|
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PC/104 and small form factors. The journal of modular embedded design:
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http://smallformfactors.mil-embedded.com |
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Some manufacturers:
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Opto22. Opto22 has pioneered what would be called nowadays the ecosystem of industrial PC applications. The adapter board shown in the article's Figure 1 is an Opto22 product.
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http://www.opto22.com |
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Dataforth Corporation
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http://www.dataforth.com |
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ADL Embedded Solutions, Inc.:
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http://www.adl-usa.com |
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Adlink Technology, Inc.:
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http://www.adlinktech.com |
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Advanced Micro Peripherals Ltd.:
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http://www.ampltd.com |
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Advantech Co., Ltd.:
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http://www.advantech.com |
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Measurement Computing:
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http://www.mccdaq.com |
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Selavel Systems, Inc.:
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http://www.sealevel.com |
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Atmel:
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http://www.atmel.com |
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NXP Semiconductors (former Freescale):
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http://www.nxp.com |
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Why should someone bother with vintage interfaces like ISA, PCI or even the parallel port?
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Those interfaces are well-described and well understood.
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Large numbers of add-on cards and peripherals are around. Some types are manufactured even today, above all PCI cards and PC/104 modules for industrial control and measurement applications.
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In many applications, bandwidth requirements are low. Hence it is possible to emulate the interfaces with inexpensive microcontrollers.
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To develop and bring up such devices is a good exercise in engineering education, but it has its practical use, too:
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One can use up existing equipment.
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The microcontroller platform can be programmed freely, without regard to operating systems.
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Susceptible cards and modules can be operated within an environment, which is free from the noise typical of personal computers and consumes considerably less power.
The basic concept. The personal computer is used essentially as operator console, file server, and development system. It will be attached only if necessary.
The projects currently under way rely on 8-bit microcontrollers. Atmel AVR (ATmega) CPUs are used, because they are sufficiently fast and can be operated in a 5-V environment.
The next logical steps are 32-bit microcontrollers and FPGAs. For example, Freescale's Kinetis series of ARM microcontrollers supports 5V operation, too. Hence it would be an obvious choice.
An ISA host based on the PC/104 form factor:
A PCI host based on the PCI/104 form factor:
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November 14, 2017
References, sources, weblinks
Download a research report describing how to exploit ATA as a simple low-latency embedded I/O interface.
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